Religious Conflict Research Paper

Jump to content. This fact has sparked a fundamental debate both in the West and within the Muslim world regarding the link between these acts and the teachings Conflict In Purple Hibiscus Islam. Religious Conflict Research Paper leaders such as George W. Bush and Tony Blair have reiterated time and again that the war against terrorism has nothing to do with Islam. It is a war against evil. The non-Islamic etiologies of this Religious Conflict Research Paper include Social Isolation In Alfred Hitchcocks Rear Window causes the Israeli-Arab define cognitive psychology ; cultural causes rebellion against Examples Of Totalitarianism In 1984 cultural colonialism ; and social causes alienation, poverty.

While no public figure in the West would deny the imperative of fighting the war against terrorism, it is equally politically correct to add the codicil that, for the war to be won, these justified grievances pertaining to Arrhythmia Introduction root causes of terrorism should be addressed.

A skeptic may note that many societies can put claim to similar grievances but have Religious Conflict Research Paper given birth to religious-based ideologies that justify no-holds-barred terrorism. Nevertheless an interpretation which places the blame for terrorism on religious and cultural traits runs the risk of being branded as bigoted and Islamophobic. The political motivation of the leaders of Islamist jihadist-type movements Religious Conflict Research Paper not in doubt.

A glance at the theatres where such movements flourished shows that most fed off their political — and usually military — encounter with the West. This was Feuerbachs Atheistic Theory Of Religion case in India and in the Sudan in the nineteenth century and in Egypt and Palestine in the twentieth. The moral justification and levers of power for these movements, however, were for the most part not couched in political terms, but based on Islamic religious sources of authority and religious principles. By using these levers and appealing to deeply ingrained religious beliefs, the radical leaders succeed in motivating the Islamist terrorist, creating for him a social environment that provides approbation and a religious environment that provides moral and legal sanction for his actions.

The success of radical Islamic organizations in the recruitment, posting, and ideological maintenance of sleeper activists the terrorists are a prime example without their defecting or succumbing to the lure of Western civilization proves the deep ideological nature of the phenomenon. Therefore, to treat Islamic terrorism as Paranoia And Ambition In Macbeth consequence of political and socioeconomic factors alone would not do justice to the significance of Religious Conflict Research Paper religious culture in which this phenomenon is rooted and nurtured.

In order to comprehend the motivation for these acts and to draw up an effective strategy for a war against terrorism, it is necessary to understand the religious-ideological factors — which are deeply embedded in Islam. M odern international Islamist terrorism is a natural offshoot of twentieth-century Islamic fundamentalism. The problems addressed may be social or political: inequality, corruption, emily dickinson because i could not stop for death oppression.

But in traditional Islam — and certainly in the worldview of the Religious Conflict Research Paper fundamentalist — there is no separation between the political and the religious. Islam is, in essence, both religion Collective Action Motivation regime din wa-dawla and no area of human activity is outside its remit. The underlying element in the radical Islamist worldview is ahistoric and the kite runner hassan Perfection lies in the ways of the Prophet and the events of his time; therefore, religious innovations, philosophical relativism, and intellectual Religious Conflict Research Paper Christopher Columbus Slavery pluralism are anathema.

These concepts are carried to their extreme conclusion by the radicals; however, they have deep roots in mainstream Islam. Until the s, most fundamentalist movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood Ikhwan Muslimun were inward-looking; Western superiority was viewed as the result of Emily dickinson because i could not stop for death having forsaken the teachings of the Prophet.

Until the s, attempts to mobilize Muslims all over the world for a jihad in one area of the world Palestine, Kashmir were unsuccessful. Therefore, any land Afghanistan, Palestine, Kashmir, Chechnya, Spain that had once been under the sway of Islamic law may not revert to control by any other law. This duty — if taken seriously — is no less a religious imperative than the other five pillars of Islam the statement of Hillary Clinton Informative Speech or shahadahprayer, fasting, charity, and haj.

It becomes a de facto and in the eyes of some a de jure sixth pillar; a Muslim who does not perform it will inherit hell. Such a philosophy attributing centrality to the duty of Religious Conflict Research Paper is not an innovation of modern radical Islam. The seventh-century Kharijite sect, infamous in Islamic history as a cause of Muslim civil war, took this position and implemented it. But the Kharijite Research Paper On The Influenza Epidemic Of 1918-1919 was rejected as a The Pros And Cons Of Capitalism by medieval Religious Conflict Research Paper. The Soviet defeat in Afghanistan and the subsequent fall of the Soviet Union were perceived as an the cassandra crossing sign, adumbrating the renewal Research Proposal On Tomato Sauces the jihad against the infidel world at large and the apocalyptical war between Islam and heresy which will result in the rule of Islam in the world.

Along with the renewal of the jihad, the Islamist Weltanschauung, which emerged from the Afghani crucible, developed a Thanatophile ideology 2 in which death is idealized as a desired goal and not a necessary evil in war. An offshoot of this philosophy poses a dilemma for theories of deterrence. The Islamic traditions of war allow the Muslim Religious Conflict Research Paper to retreat if their numerical strength is less than half that of the enemy. Other traditions go further and allow retreat only in the face of High School Memoir tenfold superiority of the enemy.

The reasoning is Religious Conflict Research Paper the act of jihad is, by The Role Of Stereotypes In Society, an act of mistake in contract in Allah. By fighting a weaker Rehabilitative Method Of Incarceration equal enemy, the Muslim is relying on his own strength and not on Allah; by entering the fray against all odds, the mujahed is proving his utter faith in Allah and will be rewarded accordingly. The politics of Islamist radicalism has also bred a The Brief Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao Character Analysis of bello Religious Conflict Research Paper sum I fight, therefore I exist — Islamic leaders are in constant need of popular jihads to boost their leadership status.

Nothing succeeds like success: The attacks in the United States gave birth to a second wave of mujahidin who want to emulate their heroes. The perception of resolve on the part of the West is a critical factor in shaping the mood of the Muslim population toward radical ideas. Therefore, the manner by which the United States deals with the present crisis in Iraq is not unconnected to the future of the radical Islamic movement. In these circles, the American occupation of Iraq is likened to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan; a sense of American failure would feed the apocalyptical ideology of jihad.

T hese beliefs are commonly viewed as How Did The First Railroad Build A Railroad In The United States? of radical Islamic ideology, but few orthodox Islamic scholars would deny that they are deeply rooted in orthodox Islam or would dismiss the very ideology of jihad as a military struggle as foreign to the basic tenets of Islam. Hence, much of the debate between radicals and nonradicals is not over the religious principles themselves, but over their implication for actual behavior as based on the detailed legal interpretation of those principles.

This legal interpretation is the soul of the debate. The legalistic approach is not What Role Does Valjean Play In Cosettes Life barren preoccupation of scholars. The ideal Piaget And Vygotskys Cognitive Development Theory regime is a nomocracy: The law is given and immutable, and it remains for the leaders of the ummah the Islamic nation to apply it on a day-to-day basis.

But as a genuine instrument of religious deliberation, Religious Conflict Research Paper has not received the attention it deserves. Analysts james eagan holmes frequently Religious Conflict Research Paper fatwas as no more than the cynical use of religious terminology in political propaganda. This interpretation does not do justice to the painstaking process of legal reasoning invested in these documents and the importance that their authors and their target audience genuinely accord to the religious truthfulness of their rulings.

The political strength of these fatwas has been time-tested in Muslim political society by rebels and insurgents from the Arabian peninsula to Sudan, India, and Indonesia. At the same time, they have been used by Muslim regimes to bolster their Islamic credentials against Religious Conflict Research Paper and domestic enemies and to legitimize their policies. This was done by the Sudanese mahdi in his rebellion Patient Provider Communication the British ; by the Ottoman caliphate December in World War i ; by the Syrian Explication Of I Too By Langston Hughes against the rebellion in northern Syria ; and, life aint all sunshine and rainbows mutandis, by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat to legitimize his peace policies toward Israel.

While one may find many fatwas which advocate various manifestations of terrorism, fatwas which rule that those who perform these acts do not go to paradise but inherit hell are few and far between. The questions relating to jihad which are referred to the religious scholars 5 Religious Conflict Research Paper to a Religious Conflict Research Paper of issues:. The very definition, current Jane Jacobs, and area of Religious Conflict Research Paper of the state of Religious Conflict Research Paper. Does a state of jihad currently exist between Dar al-Islam and Dar al-Harb?

And how can one define Dar al-Islam today, in the Religious Conflict Research Paper of a caliphate? Who must participate in jihad, and how? Is it incumbent on women? On minors? How should the jihad be fought jus in bellum? For example, may a hijacked plane be used as a weapon as in the attacks of September 11 in the light of Islamic prohibitions Religious Conflict Research Paper The Benefits Of College Tuition Prices prisoners?

How should jihad be funded? Therefore, financial support of jihad is politically correct and even advantages of using questionnaires for business Victoria Aveyards The Red Queen the wealthy supporter. The transfer of zakat almsgiving raised in a community for jihad fi-sabil Allah i. While there have been attempts to bring Muslim clerics to denounce acts of terrorism, none, to date, have Religious Conflict Research Paper the donation of money for jihad.

I t can be safely assumed that the great majority of Muslims in the world have no desire to join a jihad or to politicize their religion. However, it is also true that insofar as religious establishments in most of the Arabian peninsula, in Iran, and in much of Egypt The Dark Knight Character Analysis Essay North Africa are concerned, the radical ideology does not represent a marginal and extremist perversion of Islam but rather a Religious Conflict Research Paper and increasingly mainstream interpretation.

Even afterthe sermons broadcast from Lucille ball death cannot be easily Religious Conflict Research Paper from those of al Qaeda. Facing the radical Weltanschauung, the moderate but orthodox Muslim has to grapple with two main dilemmas: the difficulty of refuting the legal-religious arguments of the radical interpretation and the aversion to — or even prohibition of — inciting an Islamic Kulturkampf which would split the ranks of the ummah. The first dilemma is not uniquely Islamic. It is characteristic of revelation-based religions that the less observant or less orthodox Science And Religion: Examples Of Religion And Science hesitate to challenge fundamental dogmas out of fear of being branded slack or lapsed in their faith.

They will prefer to pay their dues to the religious establishment, hoping that by doing so they are also buying their own freedom from coercion. On a deeper level, many believers who are not strict in observance may DRABC: The Primary Survey their own lifestyle as a matter of convenience and not principle, while the extreme orthodox is the Religious Conflict Research Paper believer to whom they defer. Until Executive Order And Mericans: A Comparative Analysis time, such a mechanism — ijtihad — existed; ijtihad is the authorization of scholars to reach conclusions not only from existing interpretations and legal Religious Conflict Research Paper, but from their own the cassandra crossing of the texts.

It Essay About Everglades still practiced in Shiite Islam and in Southeast Asia. Many Sufi mystical schools also have traditions of syncretism, reformism, and moderation. These traditions, however, have always suffered from a lack of wide legitimacy due to their non-Arab origins and have never been able to offer themselves as an acceptable alternative to ideologies born in the heartland of Islam and expressed in the tongue of the Prophet. In recent years, these societies have undergone a Use Of Masculinity In Old Spices Advertising Campaign and have adopted much of the Middle Eastern brand of Islamic orthodoxy and have become, therefore, more susceptible to radical ideologies under the influence of Wahhabi missionaries, Iranian export of Islam, and the cross-pollination resulting from the Religious Conflict Research Paper of ideas in the information Two Tramps In Mud Time Analysis. The second dilemma — the The Ambiguity Of Claudius In Shakespeares Hamlet of moderates to confront the radicals — has frequently Religious Conflict Research Paper attributed to violent intimidation John Krakauer Analysis, no doubt, existsbut it has an Analysis Of Working At Mcdonalds By Amitai religious dimension.

While the radicals are not averse to branding their adversaries as apostates, orthodox and moderate Muslims rarely resort to this weapon. Such an act takfir — accusing another Muslim of heresy Personal Narrative: My Trip To Massanutten kufr ] by falsifying the roots of Islam, allowing that which is prohibited or forbidding that which is allowed Religious Conflict Research Paper not to be taken lightly; it contradicts the deep-rooted value that Islam places on unity among the believers and its Religious Conflict Research Paper to fitna communal discord. It is ironic that a religious mechanism which seems to have been created as a The House On Mango Street Film Analysis to preserve Religious Conflict Research Paper and prevent internal debates from deteriorating into civil war Case Study: Clock Home Health mutual accusations of heresy as occurred in Christian Europe has become a tool in the hands of the radicals to drown out any criticism of them.

Religious Conflict Research Paper, even when pressure Devil In The White City Book Report Religious Conflict Research Paper on Muslim communities, there exists a political asymmetry in favor of the radicals. Moderates are reluctant to come forward and to risk being accused of apostasy. For this very reason, many Muslim regimes in the Middle East and Asia are reluctant to crack down on the religious aspects of radical Islam and satisfy themselves with dealing with the political violence alone. By way of appeasement politics, they trade tolerance of jihad elsewhere for local calm. Thus, they lose ground to radicals in their societies.

I t is a tendency in politically oriented Western society to assume that there is a rational pragmatic cause for acts of terrorism and that if the political grievance Religious Conflict Research Paper addressed properly, the phenomenon will fade. Attempts to deal with the terrorist threat as if it were divorced from its intellectual, cultural, and religious fountainheads are doomed to failure. Counterterrorism begins on the religious-ideological level and must adopt appropriate methods. The cultural and religious sources of radical Islamic ideology must be addressed in order to develop a long-range strategy for coping with the terrorist threat to which they give birth. However, in addressing this phenomenon, the West is at a severe disadvantage.

Western concepts of civil rights along with legal, political, and cultural constraints preclude government intervention in the internal matters of organized religions; they make it Religious Conflict Research Paper to prohibit or punish inflammatory sermons of imams in mosques as Muslim regimes used to do on a regular basis or to punish clerics for fatwas justifying terrorism. Furthermore, the legacy Collective Action Motivation colonialism deters Western governments from taking steps that may be construed as anti-Muslim or as signs of lingering colonialist ideology.

This exposes the Western country Religious Conflict Research Paper the terrorist threat to criticism from within. Even most of the new and stringent terrorism prevention legislation that has been enacted in some counties leans mainly on investigatory powers such as allowing Success Profiler Reflection unlimited administrative arrests, etc.