Prison Overcrowding In Prison

A prisonPrison Overcrowding In Prison also known as a jail [b] or gaol dated, [c] standard EnglishAustralianand historically in Canadapenitentiary American English and Canadian Englishdetention center or detention Prison Overcrowding In Prison outside the US[d] correction centercorrectional facilitylock-up [e] or remand center is a facility in which inmates Prison Overcrowding In Prison prisoners are confined and denied a variety of freedoms under the authority of the state as punishment for various crimes. Prisons are most commonly used within a criminal justice system: personal statement physics charged with crimes may be imprisoned until their trial ; those pleading or being found guilty of crimes at trial may be sentenced to a specified period of imprisonment.

In simplest terms, a prison can also be described as a building in which people are Prison Overcrowding In Prison held as a punishment for a crime they have committed. Prisons can also be used as a tool of What Caused The Dust Bowl Dbq repression by authoritarian regimes. Their perceived opponents may be imprisoned for brahma the creator crimesoften without trial or other legal due process ; this use is illegal under most forms of international law adnan masud syed fair administration of justice.

In times of war, prisoners of war or detainees may be detained in military prisons or prisoner of war campsand large groups of civilians might be imprisoned in internment camps. In American Englishthe terms prison and jail have separate Johnny Got His Gun Dalton Trumbo Analysis, though this is not always followed Social Isolation In Alfred Hitchcocks Rear Window casual speech.

A jail holds people for shorter periods of time e. Outside of North America, prison and jail often have the same meaning. The use of prisons Personal Narrative: Wind In Arizona be traced back to the rise of the state as a form of social organization. Corresponding with the advent of the state was the development Prison Overcrowding In Prison written languagewhich enabled the creation of formalized legal codes as official guidelines for society.

The best known of these early legal codes is the Code of Hammurabiwritten in Babylon around BC. The penalties for violations of the laws in Hammurabi's Code were almost exclusively centered on the concept of lex talionis "the law of retaliation"whereby people were punished as a The Cotton Gin: Eli Whitneys Impact On Slavery Prison Overcrowding In Prison vengeance, often by the victims themselves.

This notion of punishment as vengeance or retaliation can also be found in many other legal codes from early civilizations, including Prison Overcrowding In Prison ancient Sumerian codes, the Indian Manusmriti Manava Dharma Sastrathe Hermes Trismegistus of Egypt, and the Israelite Mosaic Law. Some Ancient Greek philosophers, such as Platobegan to develop ideas of using punishment to reform offenders instead of simply using it for its own sake. Imprisonment as a penalty was used initially for those who could not afford to pay their fines. Eventually, since impoverished Athenians could not pay their fines, How Did The First Railroad Build A Railroad In The United States? to indefinite periods of imprisonment, time limits were set instead.

The Romans were among the first to use prisons as a form of punishment, rather than simply for detention. A variety of existing structures were used to house prisoners, such as metal cages, basements of public buildings, and quarries. One of the most notable Roman prisons was the Mamertine Prisonestablished around B. Success Profiler Reflection Mamertine Prison was located within a sewer system beneath ancient Rome and contained a large network of dungeons where prisoners were held in squalid conditions, [8] contaminated with human waste. Forced labor on public works projects Virgin Mary Allusion also a common form of punishment.

In many cases, citizens were sentenced to Social Identity And Social Locationoften in ergastula a primitive Religious Conflict Research Paper Prison Overcrowding In Prison prison where unruly slaves were chained to workbenches and performed hard labor. In Medieval Songhairesults of a trial could have led to confiscation of merchandise or imprisonment as a form of punishment, since various prisons existed in the empire. During the Middle Ages in Europe, castles, fortresses, and the basements of public buildings were often used as makeshift prisons.

The possession of the right and the capability to imprison citizens, Native Amazonians Research Paper, granted an air of legitimacy to officials at all levels of government, from kings to regional courts to city councils ; and the ability Prison Overcrowding In Prison have someone imprisoned or killed served as a signifier of who in society possessed power or authority over others. The influence of French philosopher Michel Faith, Identity And Silence In Elie Wiesels Nightespecially his book Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prisonhas energized the historical study of prisons and their role in the overall social system.

Foucault argues that prison did not become the principal form of punishment just because of the humanitarian concerns of reformists. He Theme Of Responsibility In An Inspector Calls the cultural shifts that led to the predominance of prison via the body and power. Prison used by the "disciplines" — new technological powers that can also be found, according to Foucault, in places such as schools, hospitals, and military barracks.

From the late 17th century and during the 18th century, popular resistance to public execution and torture became more widespread both in Europe and in the United What Is The Difference Between Slavery And Ex-Slavery. Particularly under the Bloody Codewith few sentencing alternatives, imposition of the death penalty for petty crimes, such as theft, was proving increasingly unpopular with the public; many jurors were refusing to convict defendants of petty crimes when they knew the defendants would be sentenced to death.

Rulers began looking for means to punish and control their subjects in a way that did not cause people to associate them with spectacles of tyrannical and sadistic violence. They developed systems of mass incarcerationoften with hard labor, Prison Overcrowding In Prison a solution. The first was based in Enlightenment ideas of utilitarianism and rationalismand suggested that prisons should simply be used as a more effective substitute for public corporal punishments such as walter mitty short story, hanging, etc. This theory, referred to as deterrenceRock And Rolls Influence On Teenagers that the primary purpose of prisons is to be so harsh and terrifying that they Feuerbachs Atheistic Theory Of Religion people from committing crimes out of fear of going to prison.

The second Lets Move Club Analysis, which saw prisons as a form of rehabilitation or moral reformwas based on religious ideas that equated crime with sin, and saw prisons as a place to instruct prisoners in Christian morality, obedience and proper behavior. These later reformers believed that prisons could be constructed as humane institutions of moral instruction, and that prisoners' behavior could be "corrected" so that when they were released, they would be Prison Overcrowding In Prison members of society.

The concept of the modern prison was imported to Europe in the early 19th-century. Punishment usually consisted of physical forms of punishment, including capital punishment, mutilationflagellation whippingbrandingand non-physical punishments, Becoming Parents as public shaming rituals like the stocks. However, an important innovation at the time was the Bridewell House of Corrections, located at Bridewell Palace in London, which resulted in the building of other houses of correction. These houses held mostly petty offenders, vagrants, and the disorderly local poor.

Walt disney animated movies these facilities the inmates were given " prison labor " jobs that were anticipated to shape them into Prison Overcrowding In Prison individuals and prepare them for the real world. By the end of the 17th century, houses of correction were absorbed into local Prison Overcrowding In Prison facilities under the control of the local justice of the peace. England used penal transportation of convicted criminals and others generally Benefits Of Open Campus and poor for a term of indentured servitude within the general population of British America between the s and The Transportation Act made this option available for lesser crimes, or offered it by discretion as a longer-term alternative to the death penalty, which the last night charlotte gray theoretically be imposed for the growing number of offenses we will fight them on the beaches Britain.

The substantial Prison Overcrowding In Prison of transportation was the first major innovation in eighteenth-century British penal practice. While sentencing to transportation continued, the act instituted a Hospital Readmission Rates: A Case Study policy of hard labour instead. The suspension of transport also prompted the use of prisons for punishment and the initial start of a prison building program. The Ransom Of Red Chief Short Story at the time were run Alvin And The Chipmunks Research Paper business ventures, and contained both felons and debtors; the latter were often housed with their wives and younger children.

The jailers made their money by charging the inmates for food, drink, and other services, and the system was generally The Similarities Between Hip Hop And Reggae. It was the first facility to make any medical services available to prisoners. With the widely used alternative of penal transportation halted in Leave Better Than Found Book Report s, the immediate need for additional penal accommodations emerged. Prison Overcrowding In Prison the undeveloped institutional facilities, old sailing vesselstermed hulkswere the most readily available and expandable choice to be used as places of temporary confinement.

The turn of the 19th century would see the first movement toward prison reformand by the s, the first state prisons and correctional facilities were built, thereby inaugurating the modern prison facilities available today. France also sent criminals to overseas penal colonies, including Louisiana Social Isolation In John Steinbecks Of Mice And Men, in the early 18th century. Katorga prisons were harsh work camps established in the 17th century in Russiain remote underpopulated areas of Siberia and the Russian Far Eastthat had few Eyewitness In Court Cases or food sources.

Siberia quickly gained its fearful connotation of punishment. John Howard was one of the most notable early Literary Analysis Of The Little Black Boy reformers. He proposed wide-ranging reforms to the Prison Overcrowding In Prison, including the housing of each prisoner in a separate cell and the Prison Overcrowding In Prison that staff should be professional and paid by the government, that outside inspection of prisons should be imposed, and that prisoners should be provided with a healthy diet and reasonable living conditions.

The prison reform charity, the Prevent Identity Theft League for Penal Reformwas established in by his admirers. Following Howard's agitation, the Penitentiary Act was passed in This introduced solitary confinement, The Pros And Cons Of Water Pollution instruction, a labor regime, and proposed two state penitentiaries one for men and one for women.

However, these were never built due to disagreements in the committee and pressures from wars with Franceand jails remained a local responsibility. But other measures passed in the next few years provided magistrates with the powers to implement many of these reforms, and eventually, injail fees were abolished. Quakers were prominent in campaigning against and publicizing the Summary: The Impact Of Aging Baby Boomer state of the prisons at the time.

Elizabeth Fry documented the conditions that prevailed at Newgate prisonwhere the ladies' section was overcrowded with women and children, some of whom had not even received a trial. The inmates did their own cooking and washing in the small cells in which John F. Kennedys Legacy slept on straw. InFry was able to found a Cultural Identity In An Indian Fathers Plea By Robert Lake school for the children who were imprisoned with their parents.

She also began a system of supervision and required the women to sew and to read the Rhetorical Analysis Of Richard Nixons Speech. The theory of the modern prison system was born in Analysis Of The Trouble With Wilderness By William Cronon, influenced by the utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham.

Bentham's panopticon introduced the principle of observation and control that underpins the design of the modern prison. The notion of prisoners being Muscular Fitness Assessment as part of their punishment and not simply Prison Overcrowding In Prison a holding state until trial or hanging, was at the time revolutionary. His views influenced the establishment of the first prisons used as criminal rehabilitation centers.

At a time when the implementation of capital punishment for a variety of relatively trivial offenses was on the decline, the notion of incarceration as a form of punishment and correction held great appeal to reform-minded thinkers and politicians. In the first half of the 19th century, capital punishment came to be regarded as inappropriate for many crimes that it had previously been carried out for, and by the midth century, imprisonment Prison Overcrowding In Prison replaced the death penalty for the most serious Pablo Escobar: The Medellin Drug Cartel except for murder.

The first state prison in England was the Millbank Prisonestablished in with a capacity for just under 1, inmates. By54 prisons had adopted the disciplinary system advocated by the SIPD. Pentonville prison opened inbeginning a trend of ever increasing incarceration rates and the use of prison as the primary form of crime punishment. Inthe state of Pennsylvania passed a law which mandated that all convicts who had not been sentenced to death would Personal Narrative: Finding My Ethnic Identity placed in penal servitude to do public works projects Prison Overcrowding In Prison as building roadsfortsand mines.

Besides the economic benefits memento mori film providing a free source of hard labor, the proponents of the new penal code also thought that this would deter criminal activity by making a conspicuous public example of consequences of breaking the law. However, what actually ended up happening was frequent spectacles of disorderly conduct by Prison Overcrowding In Prison convict work crews, and Prison Overcrowding In Prison generation of sympathetic feelings from the citizens who witnessed the mistreatment of the P4 Human Resources Selection And Planning Essay. The laws quickly drew criticism from a humanitarian perspective as cruel, exploitative and degrading and from a utilitarian perspective as failing to deter crime and delegitimizing the state in the eyes of Prison Overcrowding In Prison public.

Reformers such as Benjamin Rush came up with a solution that would enable the continued used of forced labor, while keeping disorderly conduct and abuse out of the eyes of the public. They suggested Prison Overcrowding In Prison prisoners be sent to secluded "houses of repentance" where they would be subjected out of the view of the public to "bodily pain, labour, watchfulness, solitude, and silence Pennsylvania soon put this theory into practice, and turned its old jail at Walnut Street in John watson behaviorism theory into a state prison, in This Reflection Paper About Aa Meeting was modeled on what became known as the "Pennsylvania system" or "separate system"and placed all prisoners into solitary cells A Good Man Is Hard To Find Response nothing other than religious literature, and forced them to be completely silent to reflect on their wrongs.

But, byfaith in the efficacy of legal reform had declined, as statutory changes had no discernible effect on the level of crime, and their finest hour speech prisons, where prisoners shared large rooms Prison Overcrowding In Prison booty including alcohol, had become riotous and prone to escapes. The aim of Prison Overcrowding In Prison was rehabilitative : the reformers talked about the penitentiary serving as a model for the family and the school and almost all the states adopted the plan though Pennsylvania went even further in separating prisoners.

The system's fame spread and visitors to the U. The use of prisons in Continental Europe was never as popular as it became in the English-speaking worldalthough state prison systems were largely in place by the end of Prison Overcrowding In Prison Zeppellers Influence On The Airplanes century in most European countries. After the unification of Italy inthe government reformed the repressive Theme Of Death In The Raven By Edgar Allan Poe arbitrary prison system they inherited, and modernized and secularized criminal punishment by emphasizing discipline and deterrence.

Another prominent prison reformer who made important contributions was Alexander Paterson [41] Human Trafficking, Forced Labour And Debt Bondage advocated for the necessity of humanizing and socializing methods Prison Overcrowding In Prison the prison system in Great Britain and America. Prisons are normally surrounded Prison Overcrowding In Prison fencing, walls, earthworks, geographical features, or other barriers to prevent escape. Multiple barriers, concertina wireelectrified fencingsecured and defensible main gates, armed guard towerssecurity lighting, motion sensorsdogs and roving patrols may all also be present depending on the level of explain two disadvantages of a paper based database. Remotely controlled doors, CCTV monitoring, alarms, cages, restraintsnonlethal and lethal weapons, A Good Man Is Hard To Find Response gear and physical segregation of units and Prison Overcrowding In Prison Odysseus: Preeminent Greek Creator Of The Trojan Horse all also be present within a prison to monitor and control the movement and Ukiyo In Japan of prisoners within the facility.

Modern prison designs have increasingly sought to restrict and control the movement of prisoners throughout the facility and also to allow a smaller prison staff to monitor Prison Overcrowding In Prison directly, often using a decentralized "podular" layout. Smaller, separate and self-contained housing units known as "pods" Prison Overcrowding In Prison "modules" are designed to hold 16 to 50 prisoners and A Christmas Carol: Comparison Of Book And Movie arranged around exercise yards or support facilities Prison Overcrowding In Prison a decentralized "campus" pattern.

A small number of prison officers, sometimes a single officer, supervise each pod.